Al-Ula, the capital of its namesake governorate in Madinah Province, is a city steeped in history and natural beauty. Nestled in the Wadi Al-Qura, this valley is flanked by the lava fields of Harrat 'Uwayrid to the west and the sandstone massif of Jibal Ath-Thumayid to the east. Its strategic location along the ancient frankincense road and its underground water resources have made it a significant site throughout the history of the Arabian Peninsula.
An Anciently Populated Oasis
Human occupation in the Arabian Peninsula dates back as far as 1 million years, with Al-Ula being one of the few places that remained inhabited despite climatic changes. While other ancient sites like Rajajil and Shuwaymis were abandoned due to desertification, Al-Ula’s underground water sources sustained human life even during dry periods. Ancient carvings on the cliffs surrounding Al-Ula indicate that this area has been inhabited since at least the Bronze Age (3rd and 2nd millennia BCE).
The Birthplace of Two Ancient Arabian Kingdoms
In the 1st millennium BCE, Al-Ula became the site of the ancient city of Dedan, the capital of the kingdoms of Dedan and Lihyan. These kingdoms ruled over the northwest of the Arabian Peninsula. Later, at the end of the 1st millennium BCE, the Nabateans established their southernmost outpost and second most important city, Madain Saleh, just 20 kilometers north of Al-Ula.
Historical Significance in Islamic History
Al-Ula, referred to as Wadi Al-Qura in historical texts, played a role in early Islamic history. According to Tabari’s “The Last Years of the Prophet,” the Prophet Mohammed spent three days in Al-Ula during a military campaign in 630 CE/7 AH, which helped revive the commercial importance of the oasis.
An Important Pilgrimage City
Following the Muslim conquest, Wadi Al-Qura became a crucial stop along the pilgrimage road from Damascus to Makkah, known as the Syrian road. Pilgrims would halt here to buy provisions and water, and Syrian merchants traveled to Wadi Al-Qura to sell supplies to them. Pilgrims could also leave their belongings in Wadi Al-Qura, assured they would find them upon their return.
The Foundation of Modern Al-Ula
In the 12th century CE, the inhabitants of the oasis moved to the site of modern Al-Ula, just a few hundred meters from the ancient city of Dedan. The new city was built partially on top of the old Dedanite and Lihyanite ruins, with stones from these ancient structures reused in the construction. The first mention of Al-Ula by name comes from Ibn Shuja Al-Dimashqi, who described it as a small town with a fort, numerous date palms, and fresh water springs.
The fort mentioned by Al-Dimashqi, known today as Musa Ibn Nusayr Fort, still stands in the Heritage Village of Al-Ula. It likely served as a fortified structure as early as the Dedanite or Lihyanite times, evidenced by Dedanitic inscriptions on the rock where the fort was built. Over time, this fort was reused for observation and defense, especially when people moved from Mughayra’ to settle in Al-Ula. Renovated with stairs leading to the top, it offers stunning views of the valley, the old town, and the oasis.
Al-Ula Heritage Village
Al-Ula Heritage Village, also known as Ad-Deerah, is the traditional Arabian village where people of the oasis moved some 8 centuries ago and inhabited until the 20th century. Built on a higher part of the valley to avoid floods during the rainy season, the town once contained over 1,000 houses. These houses were built adjacent to one another, forming a defensive wall around the town.
Most houses had at least one upper floor to increase living space and keep the lower floors and streets cooler with shade. The ground floor was used for storage and reception, featuring the traditional majlis, while the first floor served as the private area of the house.
Narrow, shaded streets separated the houses, some of which have been renovated. Walking through the maze of the old town, visitors can explore accessible old houses, though caution is advised as some remain in ruins. On the west side of the town, at the bottom of the cliff, lies the old souq, which has been renovated. This wide-open space, once bustling with activity, can be reached after navigating the narrow streets of the old town.
The Modern Times
Between 1901 and 1908, the Ottomans built a railway across the Hejaz to link Damascus to Madinah. The railway had stations in both Madain Saleh and Al-Ula, with a line running through the western part of Al-Khuraybah. Despite being in poor condition, remnants of this railway still stand.
In the 20th century, the new town center was established beside the old town, leading to the eventual abandonment of the old buildings. The last family reportedly left in 1983, and the last service in the old mosque was held in 1985.
The first European traveler of modern times to describe the town was the English traveler Charles Doughty, who visited Al-Ula in 1876. French explorer Charles Huber followed in 1881-82 and returned in 1883 with German scientist Julius Euting. French explorers Jaussen and Savignac, who compiled the first scientific records of northwest Arabia, visited Al-Ula in 1909 and again in 1910, copying inscriptions and exploring the ruins of Dedan.
How to Visit Al-Ula?
Most points of interest in and around Al-Ula are available on Google Maps. Many sites require prior authorization, which can be arranged by your hotel or tour guide. Visiting the Al-Ula Heritage Village does not require permission. However, note that the Al-Ula Museum is closed on weekends.
Al-Ula’s rich history, from its ancient kingdoms to its role in Islamic history and its significance as a pilgrimage stop, makes it a fascinating destination. Its blend of natural beauty and historical depth offers a unique glimpse into the past and present of the Arabian Peninsula.
Local Insights: Hidden Gems of Al-Ula
Incorporating local stories and lesser-known facts can truly enrich your content about Al-Ula, offering readers a deeper and more authentic understanding of this remarkable place. Here are some unique insights and stories to consider:
The Legend of Al-Ula’s Name
One local legend suggests that the name “Al-Ula” is derived from the Arabic word “Al-'Ula,” meaning “the lofty” or “the elevated.” This name is believed to reflect the town’s elevated position in the valley, which protected it from floods and made it a strategic location for settlement.
The Hidden Petroglyphs
While many visitors are aware of the famous rock carvings at Madain Saleh, fewer know about the hidden petroglyphs scattered throughout the Al-Ula region. These ancient carvings, depicting animals, humans, and symbols, provide a glimpse into the lives of the people who once inhabited this area. Exploring these lesser-known sites can offer a unique perspective on the region’s rich history.
The Story of the Al-Ula Date Palm
The date palm is a symbol of Al-Ula’s agricultural heritage. Local stories tell of how the date palms were carefully cultivated and passed down through generations. The dates from Al-Ula are renowned for their quality and sweetness, and the annual date harvest is a time of celebration and community gathering.
The Mysterious Nabatean Tombs
Beyond the well-known tombs of Madain Saleh, there are several lesser-known Nabatean tombs scattered around Al-Ula. These tombs, often hidden in remote and rugged areas, are a testament to the Nabateans’ architectural prowess and their ability to carve intricate structures into the rock. Exploring these hidden tombs can be an adventurous and rewarding experience.
The Oasis of Al-Ula
The oasis of Al-Ula has been a lifeline for its inhabitants for centuries. Local stories highlight the importance of the oasis in sustaining life in this arid region. The underground water sources have allowed the cultivation of various crops, and the oasis has been a crucial stop for travelers and traders throughout history.
The Revival of Al-Ula’s Heritage
In recent years, there has been a significant effort to revive and preserve Al-Ula’s heritage. Local initiatives have focused on restoring historical buildings, promoting traditional crafts, and sharing the stories of Al-Ula’s past with visitors. This revival has not only preserved the town’s history but also created new opportunities for the local community.
The Al-Ula Festival
One of the most vibrant local events is the annual Al-Ula Festival, which celebrates the region’s culture, history, and natural beauty. The festival features traditional music, dance, crafts, and food, offering visitors a chance to experience the rich cultural heritage of Al-Ula firsthand.
